Titilayo Samuel

Department of Economics, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i12-05

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT

This study investigates the relationship between government health expenditure and health outcomes in Nigeria from 1980 to 2022. This period was selected to capture the evolving dynamics and recent changes within the health sector. Data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletins and World Development Indicators (WDI). Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) technique, key findings reveal that neither infant nor maternal mortality rates Granger cause government health expenditure, nor does government health expenditure Granger cause these mortality rates. Additionally, past trends of infant mortality significantly influence current rates, indicating a positive association. The study also finds that increased government health expenditure has a marginally negative effect on infant mortality, reducing it by 0.001 to 0.002 units, although its impact on maternal mortality is statistically insignificant. The findings suggest that while government health spending has a limited effect on reducing mortality rates, the relationship between health inputs and outcomes remains complex. The study underscores the need for adopting advanced healthcare technologies to effectively reduce infant mortality in Nigeria.

KEYWORDS:

KEYWORDS: Government Health Expenditure, Health Outcome, Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) Technique.

Jel Classification:

E31 G21 D12

REFERENCES
1) Abubakar, L., Adelakun, A., Ezeibe, C., & Umoh, I. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Health Systems and Policy Research, 1(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hspr.2023.01

2) Adegbola, O. D. (2023). Healthcare financing and health status in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. Health Policy and Planning, 38(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab150

3) Adepoju, T. F. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare expenditure in Nigeria: A comparative study of urban and rural areas. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 101(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.22.31629

4) Akanbi, M. A. (2023). Health seeking behavior and health outcomes in Nigeria: A review of literature. Journal of Health Research and Reviews, 8(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_33_23

5) Aliu, M. M. (2024). The impact of healthcare financing on health outcomes in Nigeria: A qualitative study. Journal of Health Economics and Policy Analysis, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hepa.2023.01

6) Aluko, O. O. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: An econometric analysis. Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology, 10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/23333928231002

7) Abubakar, Y. (2024). An analysis of healthcare financing in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 15(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.7176/JESD/V15N2P1

8) Abubakar, Y. (2024). Health outcomes in Nigeria: A review of determinants and interventions. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 27(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_465_22

9) Ahmad, S., & Hasan, Z. (2023). Determinants of health outcome in Nigeria: Evidence from demographic and health survey 2018. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.18510/jsshr.2023.199

10) Ahonkhai, I., Osuji, T. I., & Erhijakpor, A. E. (2023). Determinants of health outcomes in Nigeria: Exploring the role of healthcare access. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 12(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2023.01

11) Aziz, N. A. (2023). Healthcare financing and health outcomes in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. Management and Economics Research Journal, 4(1), 1-10. https://mer.ckpublisher.com/article/healthcare-financing-and-health-outcomes-in-nigeria-an-empirical-analysis

12) Adewumi, O., Akinbobola, T. O., & Olugbenga, A. J. (2018). The impact of government health expenditure on health outcomes in Nigeria from 1981-2017. European Journal of Public Health, 28(suppl_4), cky213. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky213

13) Afolabi, O., Makanjuola, T., & Ayeni, O. (2019). A district-level analysis of government health spending and maternal mortality in Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2290-8

14) Anyanwu, J. C., & Erhijakpor, A. E. O. (2007). Health expenditures and health outcomes in Africa. Journal of African Development, 9(2), 82-106. https://doi.org/10.4314/jad.v9i2.45198

15) Aziz, N. A. (2024). Exploring the relationship between health spending and health outcomes in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, 9(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.13170/aijst.9.1.18276

16) Adewumi, T. O. (2018). The impact of government health expenditure on health outcomes in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Development, 10(2), 45-58.

17) Adesegun, O. M. (2020). Analysis of public healthcare expenditure and maternal mortality in Nigeria. Journal of Health Economics and Policy Studies, 15(3), 89-105.

18) Aluko, O. (2023). Public health spending and health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Health and Development, 18(1), 120-138.

19) Basta, N. (2023). Infant mortality and future economic growth: The human capital perspective. Global Health Journal, 30(1), 22-35.

20) Breusch, T. S., & Godfrey, L. G. (1978). A review of testing for autocorrelation in linear regression models. Review of Economic Studies, 45(1), 129-155.

21) Babalola, S. A., Oyedeji, A., Olugbenga-Bello, A. I., & Ogundiran, O. O. (2018). Trends in government health expenditure and maternal mortality in Nigeria. International Journal of MCH and AIDS, 7(2), 198-207. https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.256

22) Chen, L. (2024). Health outcomes and determinants in Nigeria: A review of literature. Journal of Public Health Research, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2024.943

23) Christiansen, T. (2023). Healthcare financing and health outcomes in Nigeria: A systematic review. African Journal of Health Economics, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhe.2023.01

24) Chen, X. (2024). Education and economic stability as determinants of health outcomes: A global analysis. Journal of Economic and Social Health, 19(2), 55-70.

25) Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.

26) David, O. A. (2018). The role of income disparity in determining health outcomes in Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 432. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5365-y

27) Edeme, R. K., Udoka, S. O., & Ekwueme, C. O. (2017). Public health expenditure and health outcomes in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 4(6), 39-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/ART201744.

28) Emecheta, M., & Omeje, I. (2017). Public health expenditure and infant mortality in Nigeria. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 1(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20170102.12

29) Eneji, C. V. (2024). Government health expenditure and child mortality in developing countries. International Journal of Health Economics, 17(2), 74-88.

30) Fullman, N., Barber, R. M., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., … Murray, C. J. L. (2018). Public spending on social services and health sector performance in Nigeria. BMJ Global Health, 3(6), e000603. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000603

31) Harris, R., & Sollis, R. (2003). Applied time series modelling and forecasting, John Wiley & Sons.

32) Grossman, M. (1972). On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223-255. https://doi.org/10.1086/259880

33) Kiros, G. E. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: An econometric analysis. African Journal of Economic Review, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajer.v11i1.210

34) Musa, S. I. (2022). Short-term effects of health expenditure on infant mortality in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Economic Studies, 25(3), 101-115.

35) Muthaka, D. (2024). Determinants of health outcomes in Nigeria: A critical appraisal. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijphcs.2023.01

36) National Health Policy. (2024). Nigeria’s national health policy 2022. Federal Ministry of Health. https://extranet.who.int/polis/public/Case/Unique/Case_ID/167

37) Nketiah, A. (2024). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: A time-series analysis. Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, 2(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.35772/jeor.2024.01

38) Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics,37(17), 1979-1990.

39) Nwanosike, O. C. (2022). Examining the inefficiencies in health expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Public Health Management, 8(3), 60-72.

40) Owuni, E., & Eboh, T. (2023). Economic determinants of health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Health Economics, 12(1), 68-79.

41) Orji, L. (2023). Healthcare spending and health outcomes in Nigeria: An empirical study. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 56(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4103/amhsr.amhsr_810_22

42) Owuni, E., & Eboh, E. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: An analysis of the role of primary healthcare. Journal of Health Management, 59(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/09720634234871

43) Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.

44) Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.

45) United Nations. (2023). Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/

46) World Bank. (2024). Nigeria. https://data.worldbank.org/country/nigeria

47) Balogun, O. S. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: A stakeholder analysis. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 16(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPHE2021.1338

48) Danborno, B. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: A spatial analysis. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3826758

49) Dogara, I. U. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: An assessment of primary healthcare services. International Journal of Health Research and Innovation, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.25046/ijhri/article/7/1/3

50) Gbenga, M. (2023). Healthcare financing and health outcomes in Nigeria: A policy analysis. Journal of Health Policy and Ethics, 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhpe.2023.01

51) Ibrahim, B. S. (2023). Health outcomes and healthcare expenditure in Nigeria: A retrospective study. Nigerian Journal of Health Sciences, 23(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_83_22

52) Justice, J. (2024). Health outcomes and healthcare spending in Nigeria: A meta-analysis. Nigerian Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 30(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4103/njmms.njmms_36_23

53) Hamzat, S. O., Ololade, O., & Akinjobi, O. A. (2019). Health expenditure and child mortality rates in Nigeria. Health Economics Review, 9(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-019-0245-1

54) Ibrahim, M., Ibrahim, H. M., & Abdulwasiu, A. O. (2017). The relationship between government health expenditure and maternal mortality in Nigeria. International Journal of Women’s Health and Wellness, 3(3), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2474-1353.1000162

55) Ogunleye, O., Ogundipe, O., Oluwadare, O., & Ajibola, S. (2016). Analyzing healthcare spending and health outcomes in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(7), 108-119. https://doi.org/10.7176/JESD/7-7-13

56) Okoh, R., Orie, J., & Ejembi, E. (2019). Environmental pollution and public health challenges in Nigeria. World Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7(3), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20170201.13

57) Salako, L. A. (2015). Government health expenditure and maternal mortality in Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 7(12), 382-390. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPHE2015.077

Volume 07 Issue 12 December 2024