Ibrahim Ahmed Abed

Assist. Prof. of Int`l Law Cihan Uni.-Erbil-Iraq

DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i6-84

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APPREVIESION:

The crime of aggression was approved in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998, but its definition was postponed until the Rome Statute came into force after 30 countries ratified it, which was done in 2002, and then the agreement of the Assembly of States Parties to this system after (7) years. On its entry into force, which was what happened in 2010 (Kampala Conference) after making amendments to the system, and it was also postponed to activate these amendments until the agreement of the Assembly of States Parties in 2017, and it was agreed to activate starting from 2018, and thus the (ICC) became competent in the crime of aggression In addition to the other three crimes (war crime, genocide, and crime against humanity). The research dealt with how to define the crime of aggression, the extent to which the definition was affected by General Assembly Resolution (3314) of 1974, what are the pillars of this crime, the nature of the amendments to the Kampala Conference, how to activate these amendments, and the extent of the need to issue declarations with the approval or rejection of these amendments, in addition to clarifying the limits of the competence of the (ICC) on The crime of aggression, and what is the relationship between the court and the UN Security Council and the positions of states, especially the permanent members of it, and finally a study of the effects of withdrawal from the court and the extent of its coverage of the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969.

REFERENCES

In Arabic Language;
1) Abed, Ibrahim Ahmed (2021), The Priority of National Sovereignty of Int`l Sovereignty between Presumption & Reality, Cihan University-Erbil , Int`l Conference 3rd in Law and Int`l Relations,
DOI:http://doi.org/10.24086/lir32021/paper.380 https://conferences.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/lir/lir3/paper/view/380/281

2) Abed, Ibrahim Ahmed (2022), Cybercrime in International Law, Journal of Cihan Uni.- Erbil . Humanities Social , vol. 6, No. 2,DOI:10.24086/cuejhss.v6n2y2022.pp145-15 https://doi.org/10.24086/cuejhss.v6n2y2022.pp145-151

3) Abu al-Qasim, Layla Issa (2020) Justification for Violation of International Law in the Field of Sovereign Equality, Journal of Cihan Uni.- Erbil , Humanities and Social Sciences Magazine, Vol. 4, No. Retrieved 7/12/2022 at the link journals . cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuejhss/article/view/256

4) Al-Mahdi, Mohammed Amin (2022), Crime of aggression and revelation of an update on war crimes, p. 5,retrieved on 21/8/2022 at the link,https://blogs.icrc.org/alinsani/2020/09/30/405

5) Charter _ Klug-Brian (1928) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States of America. Charter Klug-Brian, retrieved on 20/8/2022 at the link , https://www.marefa.org/simplified

6) International Law Commission (1950), Commission resolution 1950 - Commission's 1950 Yearbook - vol. II-pp.374-378.

7) Mehdi, Inas Mehdi & Mu'taz Abdul Qader Mohammed(2019) , Strategic Excellence: A Comparative Political Study among Strategically Superior Countries, Journal of Cihan Uni.-Erbil Humanities & Social Sciences Vol.3No.2, atthelink,/cuejhss.v3n2y2019.pp42-48

8) United Nations General Assembly (1974) United Nations General Assembly resolution 3314 (1974)

In English Language ;
1) Akande, Depo & Antonios Tzanakopoulos (2010), Treaty Law & ICC Jurisdiction over the Crime of Aggression , EJIL Vol.29, No.3, P.944 & P.975

2) Akande ,Dapo & Antonios Tzanakopoulos (2017). The Crime of Aggression in the ICC and State Responsibility, Harvard International Law Journal Volume 58 Online Journal Spring Symp- P.33

3) Ambos,Kai & Göttingen (2010), The Crime of Aggression after Kampala , GYIL53, P.2 & P.2Retrieved from: http://usun.state.gov/briefing/statements/2010/139000.htm.

4) Also , Weed ,Matthew C. (2010), Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation , International Criminal Court& the Rome Statute: 2010 Review Conference , P.8 , Retrieved from : https://crsreports.congress.gov R41682

5) Also, Koh, Harold Hongju, legal adviser, U.S. Department of State, statement at the Resumed Eighth Session of the Assembly of State Parties of the International Criminal Court, Mar. 23, 201 Retrieved from: https://asp.icc- cpi.int/sessions/documentation/8th-session

6) Also, Abato ,Anthony(2017), On the Adjudication of the Illegal Use of Force at the ICC, Harvard International Law Journal Vol. 58 ,Online Journal ,Spring 2017 Symposium , P15

7) Barriga,Stefan(2017), The Scope of ICC Jurisdiction over the Crime of Aggression : A DifferentPerspective , Blog of the EJIL: Talk (Sep.29 , 2017), P.2

8) Bergsmo, Morten(2019), Towards a Culture of Quality Control in Criminal Investigations , FICHL Policy Brief Series No.94, P.1

9) Calderon-Meza, Juan P.(2017), Non-State Accessories Will Not Be Immune from Prosecution for Aggression, Harvard International Law Journal Volume 58 Online Journal Spring 2017 Symposium, P.58

10) Clark, R.(2009), Negotiating Provisions , Defining the Crime of Aggression . Its Elements & Conditions for ICC Exercise of Jurisdiction over It , EJIL, Vol.20,No.4,P.1104 & P.1105

11) Croxatto, Guido Leonardo(2016) , The Crime of Aggression in Int`l L. Challenges in Jurisprudence & Doctrine , Justice Juris. Vol.12, No.1 Barranquilla , P.1 & P.2

12) Cryer, R.et.al.(2010), An Introduction to Int`l Crime L. & Procedure :2nd ed. Cambridge Uni.Press, ISPN9780511789342,P.315

13) Ferenez, Donald M.(2018) , Aggression in no Longer a Crime in Limbo , FICHL , Policy Brief SeriesNo. 88

14) Godara, Karan(2019), Crime of Aggression: Expanding the Relatively Narrow Parameters of Article 8pis Of the Rome Statute , NovumJus.Vol.13 No.2 P.153 Panjab Uni.DOI:10.14718/NovumJus..13.2.8 & P.157

15) Hans‐Peter Kaul, Jur.h.c.(2011), The Crime of Aggression after Kampala – Some Personal Thoughts on the Way Forward, At the international law symposium, College, Oxford,P.4 & P.5,Michigan State International Law Review MASTHEAD 2010-2011 Vol. 20 (2012) ISSUE 2.No.88, P.2 & P.3 & P.1

16) Harhoff, Frederik(2016), Mystery Lane :A Note on Independence & Impartiality in Int`l Criminal Trials, FICHL Brief Series No.47 , P.3

17) Heinsch,R. (2010), The Crime of Aggression after Kampala: Success or Burden for the Future ? ,Göttingen J.I.L. , 2,2,ISSN1868-1581, 713-743, P.723 & P.724

18) Heller, K.J. (2007), Retreat from Nuremberg: The Leadership Requirement in the Crime of Aggression, EJIL 18P.477

19) Heller,K.J. (2010) , Are the Aggression Understandings Valid? Opinion Juris , ISSN2326-0386Retrieved from http://opinionjuris.org/2010/16/are.the.agression.understandings.valid/

20) Kaul, Hans-Peter(2011), The Crime of Aggression after Kampala – At the Int`l Symposium , Oxford

21) Kaleck, Wlfgang(2015), Double Standards in International Criminal Justice: A Long Road Ahead Towards Universal Justice, FICHL Policy Brief Series No.37,P.3Transitional Research, P.5

22) Klamberg, Mark(2017), The Commentary on the law of Int`l Criminal Court, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher Brussels, FICHL Publication Series No. 29, P.153

23) Koh ,Harold Hongju &Todd F. Buchwald (2015), The Crime of Aggression: The U.S.A Perspective,AJIL.Vol.109, P.258 & P.952 & P.27

24) Kreb,C. &Von Holtzen Droff L.(2010), The Kampala Compromise on the Crime of Aggression , J. Int`l Crim. Justice ,8,p.1179 – ISSN1478-1395

25) Mahony, Chris (2015) , The Justice PIVOT: U.S. Int`l Crim. L. Influence From Outside The Rome Statute, George Town. J. INT`L L. , Vol.46, P.1075, P.8

26) Ruys ,Tom (2018),Criminalizing Aggression :How the Future of the Law on the Use of Force Rests in the Hands of the ICC, EJIL Vol. 29 No. 3, P.891 & P.893

27) Also, Kreb,Claus (2018), On the Activation of ICC Jurisdiction over the Crime of Aggression, J. I.Crim.Just.Vol. 16 , No. 1

28) Sisák, Ľuboslav(2018), The Crime of Aggression Under The Rome Statute. Kampala Amendments Coming to Life, Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, Právnická Fakulta, ISSN 1339- 3995,Vol. 6 , No. 2, P.3 & P.67 & P.69 & P.P.70-71 & P.73

29) Tianying, Song (2020), Myanmar Military’s Self-Interest in Self-Accountability for War Crimes, Policy Brief Series No. 120 , P.2

30) Weed ,Matthew C. , Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation , , International Criminal Court and the Rome Statute: 2010 Review Conference ,P.10 Retrieved from https://crsreports.congress.gov R41682

31) Also, Shabani Hisham (2013), crime of aggression in the light of Rome's basic law (master's thesis) Faculty of Law and Political Science/University Al-Arabi bin Mahdi -am al-Baqi, Algeria, p.107

32) Yi, Chao(2015), The Role of Int`l Criminal Law in the Global order , FICHL Policy Brief Series, No.46 , P.4

Website of Internet;
1) http://www.ejiltalk.org/wp.-content/uploads/2017/12/ICC-ASP-16-L10-ENG-CoA-resolution-14Dec.17-
1130.pdf(retrieved in 18Aug.2022)

2) http://www.state.gov/s/l/releases/remarks/142665.htm. (retrieved in 18Aug..2022)

3) http://opinionjuris.org/2010/16/are.the.agression.understandings.valid/( retrieved in 19Aug.2022)

4) www.casematrixnetwork.org/cmn.kowledge-hub/icc-commentary-clicc( retrieved in 20Aug.2022)

5) http://www.spa.gov.sa/1520212 ( retrieved in 22Aug.2022)

6) https://crsreports.congress.gov R41682(2010) ( retrieved in 8&12Sept.2022)

Documents
1) UNDoc.A/conf/183/10(1998), para.7

2) ICC-ASP/7/20/Add.1, Appendix 1 (2009)

3) ICC-ASP-19-Res.6-ENG.pdf (2010) Available from: https://asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/Resolutions/ICC-ASP-8- Res.6-ENG.pdf

4) Res.ICC-ASP/16/Res.5 (14Dec.2017) , P.6

5) ICC-ASP/16/ 92(27 November 2017) , P.4

VOlUME 06 ISSUE 06 JUNE 2023